The goal of this study is to design prolonged-release Cloperastine hydrochloride nanoparticles. The emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to produce the nanoparticles made from polymers, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M, hydroxypropyl cellulose, xanthan gum, chitosan, and sodium alginate. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the resultant nanoparticles. The particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of nanoparticle formulations were determined using photon correlation spectroscopy. The drug loading efficiency and drug release profiles of drug-containing formulations were studied by the HPLC method. The prepared formulations exhibited nanoscale particle sizes in the range of 19.74±0.73-49.26±0.25 nm and narrow polydispersity indexes in the range of 0.42±0.02-0.97±0.01. The zeta potential values of the formulations with different compositions were found in the range of -15.21±0.03 to -29.49±0.08, indicating the higher stability of the prepared nanoparticles. In addition, high yield percentage, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug loading values of 94.76±0.37%, 90.52±0.24, and 89.96±0.22 were obtained for the prepared formulations, respectively. According to the results, the formula comprising HPMC K4M and HPC showed highly effective physicochemical and functional properties and released more than 70% of the Cloperastine HCL after 8 hours in drug release studies. The results of this study confirmed that the individual and composite forms of natural polymers in the studied ratio could control the release of Cloperastine hydrochloride and could be used as effective nanoparticulate formulations for controlled release drug delivery of Cloperastine hydrochloride.

Purpose: Thermal analysis (TGA, DTG and DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to study the thermal behavior of terazosin hydrochloride (TER). Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal behavior and purity of the used drug. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (E*), enthalpy (DH*), entropy (DS*) and Gibbs free energy change of the decomposition (DG*) were calculated using different kinetic models.Results: The purity of the used drug was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (99.97%) and specialized official method (99.85%) indicating to satisfactory values of the degree of purity. Thermal analysis technique gave satisfactory results to obtain quality control parameters such as melting point (273oC), water content (7.49%) and ash content (zero) in comparison to what were obtained using official method: (272oC), (8.0%) and (0.02%) for melting point, water content and ash content, respectively.Conclusion: Thermal analysis justifies its application in quality control of pharmaceutical compounds due to its simplicity, sensitivity and low operational costs. DSC data indicated that the degree of purity of terazosin hydrochloride is similar to that found by official method.

Purpose: An improved and economical method has been described for the synthesis of erlotinib hydrochloride, as a useful drug in treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.Methods: Erlotinib hydrochloride was synthesized in seven steps starting from 3, 4-dihydroxy benzoic acid. In this study, we were able to modify one of the key steps which involved the reduction of the 6-nitrobenzoic acid derivative to 6-aminobenzoic acid derivative. An inexpensive reagent such as ammonium formate was used as an in situ hydrogen donor in the presence of palladium/charcoal (Pd/C) instead of hydrogen gas at high pressure.Results: This proposed method proceeded with 92% yield at room temperature. Synthesis of erlotinib was completed in 7 steps with overall yield of 44%.Conclusion: From the results obtained it can be concluded that the modified method eliminated the potential danger associated with the use of hydrogen gas in the presence of flammable catalysts. It should be mentioned that the catalyst was recovered after the reaction and could be used again.

Background: Cartap is a class 4 pesticide and categorized by the insecticide resistance action committee (irac) as safe and non-toxic to people. The main routes of exposure include ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. Case presentation: A 35-year-old man, a bus driver from South Kerala, was bought to the emergency department with history of consumption of cartap hydrochloride after two hours of poisoning. Results: All the necessary measures were taken to prevent further exposure to the poison. Patient was intubated and mechanically ventilated. The patient's condition began to deteriorate gradually, culminating in multiorgan dysfunction and eventual death on the 7th day of hospitalization, with no restoration of consciousness. Conclusion: This report enables medical professionals to identify and manage an uncommon poisoning that causes lethal toxicity.

In this research, several formulations containing, an anti emetic agent (Metoclopramide hydrochloride), a hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and a hydrophobic polymer (ethylcellulose 10 cP) were prepared by direct compression. Different factors such as: the effect of different ratios of the polymers, particle size, pressure force and differences of release in acidic and distilled water as media were investigated. After developing the ideal formulation, the effect of changing the ratio of drug in core: coating on the formulation was investigated. Coating of tablets with ethylcellulose, changed the release mechanism of drug and shifted it to near zero order release. The results showed that except when matrices were coated with ethylcellulose, drug release was proportioned to the square root of time, which might be due to the change of release pattern from matrix to reservoir system.

Purpose: In this work a numerical method, based on the use of spectrophotometric data coupled to partial least squares (PLS) regression and net analyte preprocessing combined with classical least square (NAP/CLS) multivariate calibration, is reported for the simultaneous determination of metformin hydrochloride (MET), gliclazide (GLZ) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) in synthetic samples and combined commercial tablets.Methods: Spectra of MET, GLZ and PIO were recorded at concentrations within their linear ranges (5-25 mg/ml, 0.5-8 mg/ml and 0.5-3 mg/ml respectively) and were used to compute a total of 25 synthetic mixtures involving 15 calibration and 10 validation sets between wavelength range of 200 and 400 nm in 0.1N HCl. The suitability of the models was decided on the basis of root mean square error (RMSE) values of calibration and validation data.Results: The analytical performances of these chemometric methods were characterized by relative prediction errors and recovery studies (%) and were compared with each other. These two methods were successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulation, tablet, with no interference with excipients as indicated by the recovery study results. Mean recoveries of the commercial formulation set together with the figures of merit (calibration sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification etc.) were estimated.Conclusion: The proposed methods are simple, rapid and can be easily used as an alternative analysis tool in the quality control of drugs and formulation.

In this paper, the phase behavior of mixture of sevoflurane (Sev), medetomidine hydrochloride (Med), ketamine hydrochloride (Ket) in the presence of ethanol and propellants (Propane or HFC134a) is investigated and optimal formulations consisting of drug, solvent (ethanol), propane or HFC134a were achieved. For this purpose, firstly, the phase behavior of various components of the formulation was examined in different temperatures. According to the results, the optimized drug formulation with highest possible concentration of drugs (in w/w%) having single phase behavior was determined. Thus, optimized formulation of Med 5% in propane, Med 10% in HFC134a and Ket 1.5% in propane and HFC134a have been obtained. Addition of Sev to the formulation afforded optimized formulation of Med 4% - Sev 54% in propane, Med 3% - Sev 35% in HFC134a and Ket 2% - Sev 19% in propane and HFC134a.